Lecture on how to search the medical literature
3) Search filters
What's a search filter?
Running a search filter
Examples of search filters

What's a search filter?
A search filter helps you select a subset of investigation types from the database.  Usually, we are only interested in one aspect of a disease or problem.  For example, when searching on the diagnosis of myocardial infarction you don't  want want to retrieve citations on the therapy of myocardial infarction. The filter helps eliminate unnecessary citations from your search.  This is accomplished by restricting the search to studies utilizing a specified methodology, or to those indexed by particular keywords which describe the type of investigation. .  The filter itself is a combination of search terms which must be relatively sensitivity and specificity for selecting relevant articles. If the filter is not sensitive you will miss important articles, if not specific, you will get a lot of junk. 

Search filters are not  "written in stone."   We have made suggestions for simple filters in the main curriculum lectures.  You can (and should) add or remove terms from the filter to make your search more sensitive, usually at the cost of decreased specificity (and vice versa).  Additional filters and terms from various sources are listed below.

An excellent series of articles on searching and search filters is available through ACP Journal Club.
 

Running a search filter
There are several options for using a search filter

  • Type in the search filter. This gets cumbersome.
  • Using OVID you can save a search strategy.  The first time you use each filter save it for future use.
  • Copy the examples provided in EMAC and Paste them into the OVID search screen.
  • From the PubMed "Clinical Queries" search function you can automatically filter your search. 
 
Examples of search filters

PubMed Search filter strategies: To see the actual strategies used in the PubMed automatic filter functions click here:  (filters)

The following are filters suggested by Sackett. Specific notation may vary depending on your search software
 

Diagnosis:
exp "sensitivity and specificity"/
or diagnosis& (pe)   (use exp diagnosis in ovid)
or Diagnostic use
or sensitivity.tw
or specificity.tw
Click here for more info.
Therapy:
Randomized controlled trial (pt)   (pt=publication type)
or drug therapy
or therapeutic use
or random.tw
Click here for more info.
Prognosis
Incidence
or exp mortality
or follow-up studies
or Mortality.sh
or Prognosis.tw
or Predict.tw
or Course.tw
Etiology or cause
exp cohort studies
or exp risk
or odds and ratio.tw
or relative and risk.tw
or case and control.tw
Some additional terms to add (Boolean or), from  McKibbon
Diagnosis
-predictive value of tests
-ROC curve
-false negative reaction
-false positive reaction
-diagnosis, differential
-mass screening

Prognosis
-exp cohort studies
-natural history.tw
-survival analysis

Etiology
-causation.tw
-casual.tw

Review Articles
meta-analysis.pt
or [review.pt and medline.tw

-overview.tw
-meta-analysis.tw
-metaanalysis.tw
 

Here are some additional terms we have found useful (These were empirically derived and have not been formally assessed for sensitivity and specificity)
 
Clinical Prediction rules
"exp logistic models/ or exp models, theoretical/ or exp probability/ or exp multivariate analysis or *decision support techniques"
Click here for more info.
 
Harm
exp risk/ or risk.tw
 
CLICK HERE FOR THE NEXT SECTION:
Combining Searches: Boolean logic 

FOLLOW THE COURSE OUTLINE:

1) Major Public Databases
2) MeSH Vocabulary:organization of the database: (NLM document)
3) What is a search filter?
4) Combining Searches:Boolean logic
5) The Anatomy of a Search
6) Expanding and Limiting your search
7) Notation
8) A note on (not) using subheadings
9) Searching for a particular citation or for a related citation
10) Tips on searching for specific information types
Additional Resources

Ovid Online Search Manual
PubMed Overview
PubMed FAQ's
Grateful Med Users Guide